Bouyei people
The Bouyei (also spelled Puyi, Buyei and Buyi; self called: Buxqyaix [puʔjai], or "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman"; Chinese: 布依族; Pinyin: Bùyīzú; Vietnamese: người Bố Y) are an ethnic group living in southern mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Some Bouyei also live in Vietnam, where they are one of that nation's 54 officially recognized ethnic groups. Despite the Chinese considering them a separate group, they consider themselves Zhuang (Tai peoples).
The Bouyei live in semi-tropical, high-altitude forests of Guizhou province, as well as in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, and speak a Tai language.
| Bouyei buxQyaix | |
|---|---|
 Geographic distribution of Bouyei people | |
| Total population | |
| 2,971,460 (2000) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 China Vietnam 2,273 (2009)[1] | |
| Languages | |
| Bouyei language, Mandarin Chinese | |
| Religion | |
| Shigongism (Moism), Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Zhuang |
Names
The Bouyei consist of various subgroups. Below are their autonyms written in the International Phonetic Alphabet with numerical Chao tones.[2]
- pu˦˨ ʔjɐi˦˨ 濮越
- pu˦˨ ʔji˨ 濮夷
- pu˦˨ noŋ˧˩ 布侬
- pu˦˨ loŋ˧˩ 补笼
- pu˦˨ na˧˩ 布那
- pu˦˨ tu˦˨ 布土、布都
- pu˦˨ ʔjaŋ˧ 布央
- pu˦˨ zoŋ˧˩xa˧˥ 布笼哈
Some clans within the Bouyei groups include:
- pu˦˨ wu˦˨ 布武
- pu˦˨ wei˧˩ 布韦
- pu˦˨ lo˨˦ 布鲁
In Congjiang County, Guizhou, there is a group that refer to themselves as "Buyeyi 布也益", but are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Zhuang.[3]
Distribution
In China by county
- County-level distribution of the Bouyei, from the 2000 Chinese census
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.1% of China's Bouyei population.)
In Vietnam
- Province-level distribution of the Bố Y, from the 2009 Census
| Province | Bố Y Population | % of Vietnam's Bố Y Population |
|---|---|---|
| Lào Cai | 1,398 | 61.5% |
| Hà Giang | 808 | 35.5% |
| Other | 67 | 2.9% |
Language
The Bouyei speak the Bouyei language, which is very close to Standard Zhuang language. There is a dialect continuum between these two. The Bouyei language has its own written form which was created by linguists in the 1950s based on the Latin alphabet and with spelling conventions similar for the Pinyin system that had been devised to romanise Mandarin Chinese.
History
The Bouyei are the native Tai peoples of the plains of Guizhou. They are one of the oldest peoples of China, living in the area for more than 2,000 years. Prior to the establishment of the Tang dynasty, the Bouyei and Zhuang were linked together; the differences between both ethnic groups grew greater and from year 900 already they were two different groups. The Qing dynasty abolished the system of local heads and commanded in its place to officials of the army which caused a change in the local economy; from then on, the land was in the hands of a few landowners, which caused the population to revolt. During the Nanlong Rebellion of 1797, the Bouyei underwent a strong repression that caused many of them to emigrate to faraway Vietnam.
See also
References
- ^ "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. June 2010. p. 135. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
- ^ 贵州"六山六水"民族调查资料选编. 回族, 白族, 瑤族, 壮族, 畲族, 毛南族, 仫佬族, 满族, 羌族卷 (2008:291). 贵州民族出版社.
- Yù Cuìróng 喻翠容: Bùyīyǔ jiǎnzhì 布依语简志 (Introduction to the Buyi language; Beijing, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1980).
- Wú Qǐlù 吴启禄: Bùyī-Hàn cídiǎn 布依汉词典 (Bouyei–Chinese dictionary; Beijing, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 2002), ISBN 7-105-04965-0.
External links
- The Bouyei ethnic minority (government homepage, in English)
- Buxqyaix Qyusmail – 布依在线 (Bouyei online, in Bouyei and Chinese)
- 僚人全民概况 (Outline of the whole Liao [Rao, Lao, Tai] people)
- Bouyei language page (from Ethnologue site)
- 布依族网论坛 (the forum of Bouyei, in Bouyei and Chinese, the biggest site of Bouyei in China)
- Map share of ethnic by county of China
The Baiyue, Hundred Yue or Yue were various indigenous non-Chinese peoples who inhabited the region stretching along the coastal area from Shandong to southeast China, and as far west as the Sichuan Basin between the first millennium BC and the first millennium AD. Meacham (1996:93) notes that, during the Zhou and Han dynasties, the Yue lived in a vast territory from Jiangsu to Yunnan, while Barlow (1997:2) indicates that the Luoyue occupied the southwest Guangxi and northern Vietnam. The Han shu (漢書) describes the lands of Yue as stretching from the regions of Kuaiji (會稽) to Jiaozhi (交趾). In the Warring States period, the word "Yue" referred to the State of Yue in Zhejiang. The later kingdoms of Minyue in Fujian and Nanyue in Guangdong were both considered Yue states.
The Yue tribes were gradually displaced or assimilated into Chinese culture as the Han empire expanded into what is now Southern China and Northern Vietnam during the first half of the first millennium AD. Many modern southern Chinese dialects bear traces of substrate languages originally spoken by the ancient Yue. Variations of the name are still used for the name of modern Vietnam, in Zhejiang-related names including Yue opera, the Yue Chinese language, and in the abbreviation for Guangdong.
BouyeiBouyei can refer to:
Bouyei language
Bouyei people
Bouyei languageThe Bouyei language (autonym: Haausqyaix also spelled Buyi, Buyei, or Puyi; Chinese: 布依语; pinyin: bùyī yǔ, Vietnamese: tiếng Bố Y or tiếng Giáy) is a language spoken by the Bouyei ethnic group of southern Guizhou Province in mainland China. Classified as a member of the Northern Tai group in the Tai languages branch of the Tai–Kadai language family, the language has over 2.5 million native speakers and is also used by the Giay people (Vietnamese: Giáy) in some parts of Vietnam. There are native speakers living in France or the United States as well, which emigrated from China or Vietnam. About 98% of the native speakers are in China.Bouyei's characteristics are similar to the other members of its language branch. It is generally monosyllabic, and word order and particles are the main forms of grammar. Bouyei's syllable initials match up closely to the other Northern Tai languages, with relatively fast simplification and merging. Bouyei sentences can be shown to contain many different levels of phrasing.
The contemporary Bouyei script was developed after the abandonment of the Bouyei-Zhuang Script Alliance Policy in 1981, and was designed from 1981 to 1985. It is focused and phonologically representative, and takes the Wangmo County dialect as its foundation.
Graphic pejoratives in written ChineseSome historical Chinese characters for non-Chinese peoples were graphically pejorative ethnic slurs, where the racial insult derived not from the Chinese word but from the character used to write it. For instance, written Chinese first transcribed the name Yáo "the Yao people (in southwest China and Vietnam)" with the character for yáo 猺 "jackal", but 20th-century language reforms replaced this graphic pejorative with yáo 瑤 "precious jade".
In alphabetically written languages like English, orthography does not change ethnic slurs — but in logographically written languages like Chinese, it makes a difference whether one writes Yáo as 猺 "jackal" or 瑤 "jade". Over 80% of Chinese characters are phono-semantic compounds, consisting of a radical or determinative giving the logographic character a semantic meaning and a "rebus" or phonetic component guiding the pronunciation. Thus, most such slurs in written Chinese derived from the semantic component of a character. In the Yáo example above, the phonetic component of the characters (䍃) is the same, and they are homophones, but the pejorative character "猺" has the dog radical, suggesting an association with dogs (leading to the meaning "jackal"), whereas the revised character "瑤" has the jade radical, suggesting the association with the precious gem.
Haplogroup N-M231Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including the Balkans, East Asia, Central Asia and the Pacific.
Mid-Autumn FestivalThe Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated notably by the Chinese and Vietnamese people. The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar with full moon at night, corresponding to late September to early October of the Gregorian calendar with a full moon at night.Mooncakes, a rich pastry typically filled with sweet bean paste or lotus seed paste are traditionally eaten during the festival.
Puyi (disambiguation)Puyi (1906–1967) was the last emperor of China; a child emperor of the Qing dynasty and a puppet emperor of Manchukuo.
Puyi may also refer to:
Bouyei people, an ethnic group in southeastern China and northern Vietnam, also spelled Puyi
Bouyei language, a Tai language
Puyi Township, Guangxi (普益乡), a township in Yangshuo County, Guangxi, China
Puyi Township, Yunnan (普义乡), a township in Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan, China
Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous PrefectureQianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 黔西南布依族苗族自治州; pinyin: Qiánxīnán Bùyīzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu; Buyei: Qianfxiynanf Buxqyaix Buxyeeuz Ziqziqzouy; Hmu: Qeef Xib Naif Dol Yat Dol Hmub Zid Zid Zeb), is an autonomous prefecture of Guizhou province, People's Republic of China, bordering Guangxi to the south and Yunnan to the west. The name, "黔西南" derives from the prefecture's southwest location in the province; "黔" is the official abbreviation for Guizhou, while "西南" means "southwest".
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