Blang people

The Blang (布朗族 : Bùlǎng Zú) (also spelled Bulong) people are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.

Blang (Bulong)
Total population
92,000
Regions with significant populations
China: Yunnan; smaller populations in Burma and Thailand
Languages
Blang, U
Religion
Theravada Buddhism, Animist
Related ethnic groups
Va
ManpoVillage
The Blang village of Manpo, Xishuangbanna.

Names

Yan & Zhou (2012:147)[1] list the following autonyms of ethnic Bulang in various counties.

Exonyms for Bulang include (Yan & Zhou 2012:147):[1]

  • mɔn˧ (谟): Dai exonym for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna
  • a bø˥ (阿别): Hani exonym for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna
  • la˧˩ (拉): Dai exonym for the Bulang of Shuangjiang
  • kha˧ phv˥˧ (卡朴): : Lahu exonym for the Bulang
  • pa̱ ʔa̱ɯ̱ʔ (巴尔克): Wa exonym for the Bulang of Cangyuan
  • Puman (濮曼, 蒲满): Han Chinese exonym for the Bulang

Languages

People classified as Bulang in China speak various Palaungic languages, including Blang and U.

The Blang language belongs to the Palaungic branch of the Austroasiatic language family. Within the Palaungic branch, Blang belongs to the Waic subgroup, which also contains the languages of the Wa and Lawa peoples in addition to Blang. Some Blang also speak the Chinese language and Southwestern Tai languages in addition to Blang. Two systems of writing based on the Latin alphabet have been developed: 'Totham' in the Xishuangbanna and 'Tolek' from Dehong and Lincang.

History

Chinese ethnographers identify the Blang as descendants of an ancient tribe known as the "Pu" (濮), who lived in the Lancang river valley during ancient times. It is believed that these people were one branch of a number of peoples that were collectively known to the ancient Chinese as the Bǎipú (百濮, literally "Hundred Pu").

Culture

Traditionally, the Blang considered teeth blackened by chewing betel nuts a beauty characteristic.

The women usually dress in jackets with black skirts. The men had tattoos in the torso and the stomach. They dressed in wide black trousers and jackets buttoned to the front. Often they would wear turbans of either white or black fabric.

The houses of the Blang are made out of bamboo and usually consist of two floors. The first floor is designed as a warehouse for food and a stable for livestock animals, such as chickens, whereas the second is designed to house the family. The chimney is located in the center of the house.

The Blang are traditionally divided into small clans, with each clan owning its own land. Every Blang town has its own cemeteries, which are divided by clans. The deceased are buried, with the exception of those who perished due to unnatural causes. In this case they are cremated.

Religion

The Blang are traditionally associated with animism, ancestor worship, and Theravada Buddhism. Writing in 2011, James Miller described these overlapping traditions as follows, "The Blang, like many nationalities in southwest China are Theravada Buddhists, but their highly complex religious life is also informed by local beliefs and customs that relate to the traditional ecology, with special attention being paid to rice, water, bees, beeswax, and the various local spirits that are associated with them."[2] An overtly Christian missionary source (i.e., with observations reflecting attempts to convert the Bulang) describes them as "ardent followers of Theravada Buddhism", and offers as an estimate that 80% of the Bulang are "professing Buddhists", with a lower estimate of 35% being "practicing Buddhists".[3]

Distribution

The Bulang are distributed in the following villages of Yunnan province (Tao 2012:16-18).[4] Except for the Bulang of Xishuangbanna, the Bulang of most of these counties speak the U language (Svantesson 1991).[5] Locations from Wang & Zhao (2013:173-179) are also included.[6]

  • Menghai County (pop. 30,678; 33% of all ethnic Bulang in China)
  • Shuangjiang County (pop. 12,527; 7.9% of all ethnic Bulang in China)
    • Bangbing Township 邦丙乡 (17 villages)
    • Dawen Township 大文乡 (12 villages)
    • Mengku Township 勐库镇 (3 villages, including Gongnong 公弄村[6] and Mangna 忙那村[6])
    • Shahe Township 沙河乡 (3 villages)
  • Yongde County (pop. 6,630)
    • Yongkang Township 永康镇: Songgui 送归,[7] Luo'ade 罗阿德, Xiaobaishui 小白水,[8] Luoshuiba 落水坝,[9] Xiamangping 下忙坪,[10] Nanmusuan 南木算,[11] Manghai 忙海,[12] Yatang 鸭塘,[13] Duande 端德村,[6] Mangkuang 忙况村,[6] Reshuitang 热水塘村[6]
    • Xiaomengtong Township 小孟统乡: Dazhai 大寨,[14] Hudong 户董,[15] Hewei 河尾,[16] Landizhai 烂地寨,[17] Banpo 半坡[18]
    • Mengban Township 勐板乡: Ganzhe 甘蔗, Xiazhai 下寨, Dazhai 大寨, Huangguozhai 黄果寨,[19] Datian 大田,[20] Nandongshan 南董山,[21] Xiahuya 下户丫[22]
    • Dashan Township 大山乡: Huwei 户威, Hongshan 红山,[23] Malizhai 麻栗寨, Pahong 怕红[24]
    • Dedang Township 德党乡: Qianshandong 钻山洞村,[6] Mangjiantian 忙见田村[6]
    • Menggong 勐汞乡, Zhaigang 寨岗乡, Daxueshan 大雪山乡 Townships
  • Yun County (pop. 5,741)
    • Manghuai Township 忙怀乡: Bangliu 邦六,[25] Gaojingcao 高井槽[26]
    • Manwan Township 漫湾镇: Dapingzhang 大平掌,[27] Manjiu 慢旧,[28] Hetaolin 核桃林村[6]
    • Maolan Township 茂兰乡: Mao'an 茂岸, Zhanglong 掌龙
    • Dazhai Township 大寨乡: Xinhe 新合, Pingzhang 平掌, Dacun 大村, Reshuitang 热水塘
    • Yongbao Township 涌宝乡: Shilong 石龙,[29] Langbashan 浪坝山,[30][31] Laolu 老鲁[32]
    • Lishu Township 栗树乡: Mangbang 忙蚌,[33] Manlang 慢郎,[34] Xiaobanggan 小邦赶[35]
  • Gengma County (pop. 2,957)
    • Manghong Township 芒洪乡: Keqie 科且村,[36] Anya 安雅村[6]
    • Mengyong Township 勐永镇: Mangnuozhai 忙糯寨[37]
    • Gengxuan Township 耿宣镇: Mangfu 芒福, Bakazhai 坝卡寨[38][39]
    • Xipaishan Township 西排山乡: Dongpo 东坡村, Bankang 班康村[6]
  • Lincang County (pop. 450)
    • Pingcun Township 平村乡: Nayu 那玉村[6]
    • Zhangtuo Township 章驮乡[6]
    • Mayidui Township 蚂蚁堆乡 (small population)[6]
    • Quannei Township 圈内乡 (small population)[6]
  • Zhenkang County (pop. 452)
    • Muchang Township 木场乡: Dalong 大拢村 (majority of Bulang)[6]
    • Nansan Town 南伞镇: Daoshui 道水村 (small population)[6]
  • Fengqing County (pop. 1,276)
    • Dazhai Township 大寨乡: Dalise 大立色村, Qiongyin 琼英村, Pingzhang 平掌村[6]
    • Sanchahe Township 三岔河乡: Shantoutian 山头田村
    • Dasi 大寺乡, Yingpan 营盘乡, Fengshan 凤山乡, Luodang 洛党乡 Townships
  • Shidian County (pop. 6,712)
    • Bailang Township 摆榔乡: Hazhai 哈寨, Upper and lower Mulaoyuanzhai 上下木老元寨, Dazhong Jianshan 大中尖山, Yaoguang 姚光
  • Changning County (pop. 1,000+)
    • Kasi Township 卡斯乡: Xingu 新谷, Shuanglong 双龙, Yingbaizhai 应百寨, Ergoudi 二沟地
    • Gengga Township 更嘎乡: Baicaolin 百草林, Dachushui 大出水
  • Lancang County (pop. 6,500)
    • Huimin Township 惠民乡: Manjing 蛮景,[40] Manhong 蛮洪,[41] Wengji 翁机,[42] Wengwa 翁洼[43]
    • Qianliu Township 谦六乡: Dagang 打岗,[44] Dagun 打滚,[45] Machang 马厂,[46] Danao 大脑
    • Dongwen Township 文东乡: Shuitang 水塘,[47] Jiuku 旧苦,[48] Pasai 帕赛[49] (in Nagongzhai 那巩寨[50]), Nasai 那赛
  • Mojiang County (pop. 1,000+)
    • Jingxing Township 景星乡: Taihe 太和村
  • Jinggu County (pop. 1000+)
    • Bi'an Township 碧安乡: Guangmin 光明村
    • Mengban Township 勐班乡: Manhai 蛮海村 ("Lawa" 拉瓦话 speakers[51][52])
    • Banpo Township 半坡乡: Bandu 班督村
  • Jingdong County
    • Baodian Township 保甸乡[50]
  • Simao County
    • Zhulin Township 竹林乡: Cizhulin 茨竹林村,[53] Dacheshu 大车树村[50][54]

Ethnic Bulang villages are also located in Jinghong City, including in Kunhan Dazhai 昆罕大寨村 in Dahuangba Village 大荒坝村, Dadugang Township 大渡岗乡.[55][56]

References

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External links

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The Angkuic languages are spoken in Yunnan province, China and Shan State, Burma.

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Blang language

Blang (Pulang) is the language of the Blang people of Burma and China. Samtao of Burma is a dialect.Dialects include the following (Bulangyu Jianzhi 1986).

Bulang 布朗; representative dialect: Xinman'e 新曼俄, Bulangshan District 布朗山区, Menghai County

A'erwa 阿尔佤 (Awa 阿佤); representative dialect: Guanshuang 关双, Mengman Township 勐满镇, Menghai County

Bulong

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Blang people, also known as Bulong, an ethnic group in China

Blang language, also known as Bulong

Bilung, pinyin as Bulong, township in Tibet

Fermented tea

Fermented tea (also known as post-fermented tea or dark tea) is a class of tea that has undergone microbial fermentation, from several months to many years. The exposure of the tea leaves to humidity and oxygen during the process also causes endo-oxidation (derived from the tea-leaf enzymes themselves) and exo-oxidation (which is microbially catalysed). The tea leaves and the liquor made from them become darker with oxidation. Thus, the various kinds of fermented teas produced across China are also referred to as dark tea, not be confused with black tea. The most famous fermented tea is Pu-erh, produced in Yunnan Province, and the Anhua dark tea produced in Anhua County of Hunan Province.

The fermentation of tea leaves alters their chemistry, affecting the organoleptic qualities of the tea made from them. Fermentation affects the smell of the tea and typically mellows its taste, reducing astringency and bitterness while improving mouthfeel and aftertaste. The microbes may also produce metabolites with health benefits.The fermentation is carried out primarily by molds. Aspergillus niger was implicated as the main microbial organism in the Pu-erh process, but that species identification has been challenged by comprehensive PCR-DGGE analysis, which points to Aspergillus luchuensis as the primary agent of fermentation.Most fermented teas are made in China, but several varieties are produced in Japan. In Shan State, Myanmar, lahpet is a form of fermented tea that is eaten, and similar pickled teas are also eaten in northern Thailand and southern Yunnan.

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Index of China-related articles (0–L)

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Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County

Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County (Chinese: 雙江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治縣; pinyin: Shuāngjiāng Lāhùzú Wǎzú Bùlǎngzú Dǎizú Zìzhìxiàn) is a county in the southwest of Yunnan province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lincang.

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Tào is also a Vietnamese surname derived from the Chinese surname Cao (Chữ Nôm: 曹).

Teeth blackening

Teeth blackening or teeth lacquering is a custom of dyeing one's teeth black. It was most predominantly practiced in Southeast Asian and Oceanic cultures, particularly among Austronesian, Austroasiatic, and Kra-Dai-speaking peoples. It was also practiced in Japan prior the Meiji era, and among minorities in southern China. It was also performed among some groups in the Americas, most notably among the Shuar people of northern Peru and Ecuador.Teeth blackening is usually done during puberty. It was primarily done to preserve the teeth into old age, as it prevents tooth decay similar to the mechanism of modern dental sealants. It was seen as a sign of maturity, beauty, and of civilization. A common belief is that blackened teeth differentiated humans from animals. Teeth blackening is often done in conjunction with traditions of teeth filing and evulsion, as well as other body modification customs like tattoos. Teeth blackening and filing were regarded with fascination and disapproval by early European explorers and colonists. The practice survives in some isolated ethnic groups in Southeast Asia and Oceania, but have mostly disappeared due to the introduction of western beauty standards during the colonial era.Teeth blackening is commonly confused with the red-stained teeth from betel chewing. However, betel chewing damages the teeth and gums, while teeth blackening does not.

Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture

Xishuangbanna, Sibsongbanna, or Sipsong Panna, shortened to Banna (full name: Tham: ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈ᩠ᩋᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ; New Tai Lü script: ᦈᦹᧈᦈᦹᧈᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈᦘᦱᦉᦱᦺᦑ᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ; Chinese: 西双版纳傣族自治州; Thai: สิบสองปันนา; Lao: ສິບສອງພັນນາ; Shan: သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး; Burmese: စစ်ဆောင်ပန္နား) is a Tai Lü autonomous prefecture in the extreme south of Yunnan, China. The prefectural seat is Jinghong, the largest settlement in the area and one that straddles the Mekong, called the "Lancang River" in Chinese.This region of China is noted for its distinct culture, one unlike that of the Han Chinese. The people, architecture, language, and culture more closely resemble those of the Shan, Dai and Tai peoples, which includes the Thai and Lao.

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