Aleksandr Dugin

Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Ге́льевич Ду́гин; born 7 January 1962) is a Russian political analyst and strategist known for his fascist views.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

He has close ties with the Kremlin and the Russian military,[13][14] having served as an advisor to State Duma speaker Gennadiy Seleznyov[15] and key member of the ruling United Russia party Sergei Naryshkin.[16] Dugin was the leading organizer of the National Bolshevik Party, National Bolshevik Front, and Eurasia Party. He is the author of more than 30 books, among them Foundations of Geopolitics (1997) and The Fourth Political Theory (2009).

Aleksandr Dugin
New Horizons International Conference 04 (cropped)
Born
Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin

7 January 1962 (age 57)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union[1]
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionRussian philosophy
InstitutionsMoscow State University (2008–2014)
Main interests
Sociology, geopolitics, philosophy
Notable ideas
Neo-Eurasianism, fourth political theory, the tellurocracy–thalassocracy distinction[2]
Websitewww.4pt.su

Early life and education

Dugin was born in Moscow, into the family of a colonel-general in the Soviet military intelligence and candidate of law Geliy Alexandrovich Dugin and his wife Galina, a doctor and candidate of medicine.[17] In 1979, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute, but did not graduate, and had to undertake a correspondence course at a different college.[18]

Career and political views

Dugin in the 1980s was a dissident[19] and an anti-communist.[20] Dugin worked as a journalist before becoming involved in politics just before the fall of communism. In 1988 he and his friend Geydar Dzhemal joined the nationalist group Pamyat. He helped to write the political program for the newly refounded Communist Party of the Russian Federation under the leadership of Gennady Zyuganov.[13]

In his 1997 article "Fascism – Borderless and Red", Dugin proclaimed the arrival of a "genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism" in Russia. He believes that it was "by no means the racist and chauvinist aspects of National Socialism that determined the nature of its ideology. The excesses of this ideology in Germany are a matter exclusively of the Germans ... while Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes."[7] "Waffen-SS and especially the scientific sector of this organization, Ahnenerbe," was "an intellectual oasis in the framework of the National Socialist regime", according to him."[7]

Dugin soon began publishing his own journal entitled Elementy, which initially began by praising Franco-Belgian Jean-François Thiriart, supporter of a Europe "from Dublin to Vladivostok". Consistently glorifying both Tsarist and Stalinist Russia, Elementy also revealed Dugin's admiration for Julius Evola. Dugin also collaborated with the weekly journal Den (The Day), previously directed by Alexander Prokhanov.[13]

Dugin was amongst the earliest members of the National Bolshevik Party (NBP) and convinced Eduard Limonov to enter the political arena in 1994. A part of hard-line nationalist NBP members, supported by Dugin, split off to the National Bolshevik Front. After breaking with Limonov, he became close to Yevgeny Primakov and later to Vladimir Putin's circle.[21]

Dugin claims to be disapproving of liberalism and the West, particularly American hegemony.[22] He asserts that "We are on the side of Stalin and the Soviet Union".[23] He calls himself a conservative and says, "We, conservatives, want a strong, solid State, want order and healthy family, positive values, the reinforcing of the importance of religion and the Church in society". He adds, "We want patriotic radio, TV, patriotic experts, patriotic clubs. We want the media that expresses national interests".[24]

Formation of the Eurasia Movement

The Eurasia Party, later Eurasia Movement, was launched in April 2001 to promote the "Eurasian idea." Dugin was reported as the group's founder. He said the movement would stress cultural diversity in Russian politics, and oppose "American style globalisation, and would also resist a return to communism and nationalism." It reportedly included Islamic and Jewish religious leaders in the founding, "who described the Eurasian movement as a counter to the religious fundamentalism which they said had taken root all over the country."[25] It was officially recognized by the Ministry of Justice on 31 May 2001.[13] The Eurasia Party claims support by some military circles and by leaders of the Orthodox Christian faith in Russia, and the party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve the Chechen problem, with the objective of setting the stage for Dugin's dream of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran. Dugin's ideas, particularly those on "a Turkic-Slavic alliance in the Eurasian sphere" have recently become popular among certain nationalistic circles in Turkey, most notably among alleged members of the Ergenekon network, which is the subject of a high-profile trial (on charges of conspiracy). Dugin's Eurasianist ideology has also been linked to his adherence to the doctrines of the Traditionalist School. (Dugin's Traditionalist beliefs are the subject of a book length study by J. Heiser, The American Empire Should Be Destroyed—Aleksandr Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology.[26]) Dugin also advocates for a Russo-Arab alliance.[27]

In principle, Eurasia and our space, the heartland Russia, remain the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois, anti-American revolution ... The new Eurasian empire will be constructed on the fundamental principle of the common enemy: the rejection of Atlanticism, strategic control of the USA, and the refusal to allow liberal values to dominate us. This common civilizational impulse will be the basis of a political and strategic union.

— The Basics of Geopolitics (1997)

The reborn Russia, according to Dugin's concept, is said by Charles Clover of the Financial Times to be a slightly remade version of the Soviet Union with echoes of Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, where Eurasia was one of three continent-sized super states including Eastasia and Oceania as the other two and was participating in endless war between them.[19]

In the Eurasian public discourse sphere, the totalitarian communist policy deployed in over three decades of works by various international groups that are part of the movement, is "a version of reintegration of the post-Soviet space into a "Eurasian" sphere of influence for Russia".[28] The North-American program "works with a wide range of partners from all sectors of civil society" and "is advanced through grant making, advocacy and research, regional initiatives, and close engagement".[29]

New Horizons International Conference 01
Aleksandr Dugin is seen at the International Conference “New Horizon” in May 2018 in Mashhad, Iran

He has criticized the "Euro-Atlantic" involvement in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election as a scheme to create a "cordon sanitaire" around Russia, much like the French and British attempt post-World War I.

In 2005, Dugin founded the Eurasian Youth Union of Russia as the youth wing of the International Eurasia Movement.[30]

Ukraine gave Dugin a five-year entry ban, starting in June 2006,[31] and Kiev declared him a persona non grata in 2007.[32] His Eurasian Youth Union was banned in Ukraine.[31] In 2007, the Security Service of Ukraine identified persons of the Eurasian Youth Union who committed vandalism on Hoverla in 2007: they climbed up the mountain of Hoverla, imitated sawing down the details of the construction in the form of the small coat of arms of Ukraine by tools brought with them and painted the emblem of the Eurasian Youth Union on the memorial symbol of the Constitution of Ukraine.[31] He was deported back to Russia when he arrived at Simferopol International Airport in June 2007.[33]

Before war broke out between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Dugin visited South Ossetia and predicted, "Our troops will occupy the Georgian capital Tbilisi, the entire country, and perhaps even Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula, which is historically part of Russia, anyway."[34] Afterwards he said Russia should "not stop at liberating South Ossetia but should move further," and "we have to do something similar in Ukraine."[35] In 2008, Dugin stated that Russia should repeat the Georgian scenario in Ukraine, namely attack it.[36] In September 2008, after the Russian-Georgian war, he did not hide his anger towards Putin, who "dared not drop the other shoe" and "restore the Empire."[37]

Russian Orthodoxy and Rodnovery

Dugin was baptized at the age of six in the Russian Orthodox church of Michurinsk by his great-grandmother Elena Mikhailovna Kargaltseva. Since 1999, he formally embraced a branch of the Old Believers, a Russian religious movement which rejected the 1652–1666 reforms of the official Russian Orthodox Church.[38] Dugin's Eurasian philosophy owes much to Traditional Integralism and Nouvelle Droite movements, and as such it resonates with Neopaganism,[39] a category which in this context means the movement of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery), especially in the forms of Anastasianism and Ynglism. Dugin's Eurasianism is often cited as belonging to the same spectrum of these movements,[40] as well as also having influences from Hermetic, Gnostic and Eastern traditions.[41] He himself calls to rely upon "Eastern theology and mystical currents" for the development of the Fourth Political Theory.[42]

According to Marlene Laruelle, his adherence to the Old Believers allows him to stand between Paganism and Orthodox Christianity without formally adopting either of them. His choice is not paradoxical, since, according to him — in the wake of René Guénon —, Russian Orthodoxy and especially the Old Believers have preserved an esoteric and initiatory character which was utterly lost in Western Christianity. As such, the Russian Orthodox tradition may be merged with Neopaganism and may host "Neopaganism's nationalist force, which anchors it in the Russian soil, and separates it from the two other Christian confessions".[38]

Esotericism, fascism, and integrative geopolitics

In the early 1990s Dugin's work at the National Bolshevik Front included research into the roots of national movements and the activities of supporting esoteric groups in the first half of the 20th century. Partnering Christian Bouchet,[43][44] a then-member of the French OTO, and building on the national-fascist and migratory-integrative interest groups in Asia and Europe, they contribute in bringing international politics closer to Russia's Eurasian geopolitical concept.

Stance on Ukraine and role in Russian politics

Aleksandr Dugin supports Putin and his foreign policies but has opposed Russian governments due to their economic policies. His 2007 quote, "There are no more opponents of Putin's course and, if there are, they are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. Putin is everywhere, Putin is everything, Putin is absolute, and Putin is indispensable" – was voted number two in flattery by readers of Kommersant.[45]

In the Kremlin, Dugin represents the "war party", a division within the leadership over Ukraine.[46] Dugin is seen as an author of Putin's initiative for the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[47] He considered the war between Russia and Ukraine to be inevitable and appealed for Putin to start military intervention in eastern Ukraine.[47] Dugin said, "The Russian Renaissance can only stop by Kiev."[48] During the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine, Dugin was in regular contact with pro-Russian separatist insurgents.[49] He described his position as "unconditionally pro-DPR and pro-LPR".[50] A Skype video call posted on YouTube showed Dugin providing instructions to separatists of South and Eastern Ukraine as well as advising Ekaterina Gubareva, whose husband Pavel Gubarev declared himself a local governor and after that was arrested by the Security Service of Ukraine.[30] On 31 March 2014, Oleg Bahtiyarov, a member of the Eurasia Youth Union of Russia founded by Dugin, was arrested.[30] He had trained a group of about 200 people to seize parliament and another government building, according to the Security Service of Ukraine.[30] Dugin also developed links with far-right and far-left political parties in the European Union, including Syriza in Greece, Ataka in Bulgaria, the Freedom Party of Austria, and Front National in France, to influence EU policy on Ukraine and Russia.[51][52][53][54]

Dugin stated he was disappointed in Russian President Vladimir Putin, saying that Putin did not aid the pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after the Ukrainian Army's early July 2014 offensive.[49] In August 2014, Dugin called for a "genocide" of Ukrainians.[51]

Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group said that the influence of Dugin's "Eurasian ideology" on events in eastern Ukraine and on Russia's invasion of the Crimea was beyond any doubt.[55] According to Vincent Jauvert, Dugin's radical ideology today became the basis for the internal and foreign policy of the Russian authorities.[37] So Dugin is worth listening to, in order to understand to which fate the Kremlin is leading its country and the whole of Europe.[37]

On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, "Only after restoring the Greater Russia that is the Eurasian Union, we can become a credible global player. Now these processes slowed down very much. The Ukrainian maidan was the response of the West to the advance of the Russian integration."[56] He described the Euromaidan as a coup d'état carried out not by the Ukrainians but by the United States: "America wishes to wage the war against Russia not by its own hands but by the hands of the Ukrainians. Promising to wink at up to 10 thousand victims among the peaceful population of Ukraine and actually demanding the victims, the United States led to this war. The United States carried out the coup d'état during the maidan for the purpose of this war. The United States raised neo-Nazis Russophobes to the power for the purpose of this war."[57] Dugin said Russia is the major driving force for the current events in Ukraine, "Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate the post-Soviet space ..."[56] As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, "If one seriously takes the fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is the ideologist of the imperial dash for the West, then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as the Atlantic Ocean."[58]

In the 2014 article by Dmitry Bykov "Why TV, Alexander Dugin and Galina Pyshnyak crucified a boy", Channel One Russia's use of the aired story by Dugin and Pyshnyak about the allegedly crucified boy as a pretext for escalating the conflict was compared to the case of Beilis.[59] On 9 July 2014, Dugin on his Facebook account wrote a story that a 6-year-old child was allegedly nailed down to an advertisement board and shot to death before his father's eyes.[60] On 16 July 2014, Novaya Gazeta provided a videotape of its correspondent Eugen Feldman walking along the main square in Sloviansk, asking local old women if they had heard of the murder of the child. They said such an event did not take place.[60] The website Change.org hosted a petition of citizens who demanded "a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in the fabrication of the plot."[60]

On 2 October 2014, Dugin described the situation in Donbass: "The humanitarian crisis has long since been raging on the territory of Novorossiya. Already up to a million, if not more, refugees are in the Russian Federation. A large part of the inhabitants of the DPR and the LPR simply moved abroad."[61] In the end of October 2014, Dugin advised the separatists to establish dictatorship in Novorossiya until they win in the confrontation.[62]

Rhetoric about the fifth column

The typical rhetoric about the fifth column as foreign agents is used by Dugin for political accusations in many publications. In his 2014 interview published by Vzglyad and Komsomolskaya Pravda, he says, "A huge struggle is being conducted. And, of course, Europe has its own fifth column, its own Bolotnaya Square-minded people. And if we have them sitting idly and doing nasty things on Dozhd, Europe is indeed dominated and ruled by the fifth column in full swing. This is the same American riffraff ..."[63][64] He sees the United States standing behind all the scenes, including the Russian fifth column, according to his statement, "The danger of our fifth column is not that they are strong, they are absolutely paltry, but that they are hired by the greatest 'godfather' of the modern world—by the United States. That is why they are effective, they work, they are listened to, they get away with anything because they have the world power standing behind them."[63][64] He sees the American embassy as the center for funding and guiding the fifth column and asserts, "We know that the fifth column receives money and instructions from the American embassy."[61]

According to Dugin, the fifth column promoted the breakup of the Soviet Union as a land continental construction, seized power under Boris Yeltsin, and headed Russia as the ruling politico-economic and cultural elite until the 2000s; the fifth column is the regime of liberal reformers of the 1990s and includes former Russian oligarchs Vladimir Gusinsky, Boris Berezovsky, former government officials Mikhail Kasyanov, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir Ryzhkov, artistic, cultural, and media workers,[65] the Echo of Moscow, the Russian State University for the Humanities, the highest ranks of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, a significant part of teachers of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, and a minority part of teachers of the Moscow State University.[66] Dugin proposes to deprive the fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport the group from Russia: "I believe it is necessary to deport the fifth column and deprive them of their citizenship."[67] However, in 2007, Dugin argued, "There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if there are, they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination."[68][69] In 2014, Dugin in an interview to Der Spiegel confirmed that he considers the opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.[20]

In one of his publications, Dugin introduced the term the sixth column and defined it as "the fifth column which just pretends to be something different",[65] those who are in favor of Putin, but demand that he stand for liberal values (as opposed to the liberal fifth column, which is specifically against Putin). During the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Dugin said that all the Russian sixth column stood up staunchly for Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov.[48] As he asserts, "We need to struggle against the fifth and sixth columns."[56]

Russian-American artist Mihail Chemiakin says Dugin is inventing "the sixth column". "Soon, probably, there would already be the seventh one as well. "The fifth column" is understandable. That is we, intelligentsia, lousy, dirty, who read Camus. And "the sixth column", in his opinion, is more dangerous, because that is the personal entourage of Vladimir Putin. But he is naive and understands nothing. And as for Dugin, he can tell him who to shoot to death and who to imprison. Maybe, Kudrin and maybe, Medvedev ...[70]"

According to Dugin, the whole Internet should be banned: "I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good."[71] In June 2012, Dugin said in a lecture that chemistry and physics are demonic sciences, and that all Orthodox Russians need to unite around the President of the Russian Federation in the last battle between good and evil, following the example of Iran and North Korea.[72] He added, "If we want to liberate ourselves from the West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry."[72]

Dugin has characterized his position on the Ukrainian conflict as "firm opposition to the Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians" as well as unacceptance of liberalism and American hegemony.[50]

Loss of department headship

During the conflict in Ukraine, Dugin also lost the offered post Head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations of the Faculty of Sociology of the Moscow State University (while being Deputy Head since 2009).[49][73] In 2014, a petition entitled "We demand the dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to the MSU rector Viktor Sadovnichiy.[74] The petition was started after Dugin's interview in which he said in relation to pro-Russian activists burned in a building in Odessa on May 2, 2014: ("But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill them, kill them, kill them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so.". While he was talking about "those who perpetrated lawlessness on May 2nd",[75] media interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians.[76] Dugin claimed to have been fired from this post; the university claimed the offer of the position of the department head resulted from a technical error and therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014.[49] Dugin wrote the statement of resignation from the faculty staff to be reappointed to the Moscow State University staff due to the offered position of department head, but since the appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of the faculty nor a staff member of the Moscow State University (the two staff memberships are formally different at the MSU).[22]

Legal case against Dugin

In 2014, Sergey Kurginyan, the leader of all-Russian movement Essence of Time, had won a defamation case against Dugin, and Dugin was forced to retract the following words posted by him on Facebook and cited by other media: "Possessed supporters of traitor Kurginyan, who as now it turns out is working for oligarchs, Yukos and Israel, declared Sasha Proselkov "main enemy" after he along with Gubarev did not allow denigrating Russian hero Igor Strelkov with impunity. Kurginyan crossed a red line: the ideological controversy is one thing, the physical elimination of Russian patriots is another one."[77][78]

Sanctions

On 11 March 2015, the United States Department of the Treasury added Dugin, as well as his Eurasian Youth Union, to its list of Russian citizens who are sanctioned as a result of their involvement in the Ukrainian crisis.[79] In June 2015, Canada added Dugin to its list of sanctioned individuals.[80]

In fiction

He is a character of Yevraziyskoye (Something Eurasian), a poem by Dmitry Bykov.[81]

Dugin's works

Several of Dugin's books have been published by the publishing house Arktos Media, an English-language publisher for Traditionalist and New Right books.[82][83]

  • Konflikte der Zukunft - Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik, Bonus (2015)
  • Last War of the World-Island: The Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia, Arktos (2015)
  • Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014)
  • Martin Heidegger: The Philosophy of Another Beginning, Washington Summit (2014)
  • Putin vs Putin, Arktos (2014)
  • Political Platonism, Arktos (2018)
  • Noomahia: voiny uma. Tri Logosa: Apollon, Dionis, Kibela, Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
  • V poiskah tiomnogo Logosa, Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
  • The United States and the New World Order (debate with Olavo de Carvalho), VIDE Editorial (2012)
  • Pop-kultura i znaki vremeni, Amphora (2005)
  • Filosofiya voiny, Yauza (2004)
  • Absoliutnaia rodina, Arktogeia-tsentr (1999)
  • Tampliery proletariata: natsional-bol'shevizm i initsiatsiia, Arktogeia (1997)
  • Osnovy geopolitiki: geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii, Arktogeia (1997)
  • Metafizika blagoi vesti: Pravoslavnyi ezoterizm, Arktogeia (1996)
  • Misterii Evrazii, Arktogeia (1996)
  • Konservativnaia revoliutsiia, Arktogeia (1994)
  • Conspirology (in Russian)

See also

References

  1. ^ Борис Исаев (2005). Геополитика Геополитика: Учебное пособие (in Russian). Издательский дом "Питер". p. 329. ISBN 5469006514.
  2. ^ Lukic, Rénéo; Brint, Michael, eds. (2001). Culture, politics, and nationalism in the age of globalization. Ashgate. p. 103. ISBN 9780754614364. Retrieved 2015-10-12. Dugin defines 'thalassocracy' as 'power exercised thanks to the sea,' opposed to 'tellurocracy' or 'power exercised thanks to the land' .... The 'thalassocracy' here is the United States and its allies; the 'tellurocracy' is Eurasia.
  3. ^ "Alexander Dugin's "The Fourth Political Theory"". 4pt.su.
  4. ^ "Dugin's Occult Fascism and the Hijacking of Left Anti-Imperialism and Muslim Anti-Salafism".
  5. ^ "Classification of Dugin as a fascist is justified, regardless of the fact that today the MGU professor frequently speaks not as a primitive ethnocentrist or biological racist. ... By "fascist" we understand the "generic" meaning of the concept, used in comparatory research of contemporary right-wing extremism by such well-known historians-comparativists as Alexandr Galkin (Moscow), Walter Laqueur (Washington), Stanley Payne (Madison), Wolfgang Wippermann (Berlin) or Roger Griffin (Oxford)", Андреас Умланд (22 June 2012). ""Евразийские" проекты Путина и Дугина – сходства и различия" [Dugin's "Eurasian" projects − similarities and differences]. Geopolitika (Lithuania). Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  6. ^ In a 1999 interview for a Polish "Fronda" Dugin explains: "In Russian Orthodox christianity a person is a part of the Church, part of the collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where the idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since they are Orthodox, can be the true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or their Hegelians. The true Hegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – the man who in 16th century invented the oprichnina for Ivan the Terrible. He was the true creator of Russian fascism. He created the idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing". Source: "Czekam na Iwana Groźnego" [I'm waiting for Ivan the Terrible]. 11/12 (in Polish). Fronda. 1999. p. 133. Retrieved 23 February 2015..
  7. ^ a b c Andreas Umland (15 April 2008). "Will United Russia become a fascist party?". Hürriyet Daily News.
  8. ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2008). "The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 9 (4): 491–506. doi:10.1080/14690760802436142.
  9. ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2009). "Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe". Religion Compass: Political Religions. 3 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x.
  10. ^ Ingram, Alan (November 2001). "Alexander Dugin: geopolitics and neo-fascism in post-Soviet Russia". Political Geography. Elsevier. 20 (8): 1029–1051. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00043-9.
  11. ^ Shenfield, Stephen (2001). "Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements". Armonk: ME Sharpe: 195. ISBN 0765606348.
  12. ^ Кургинян об оккультном фашисте Дугине [Kurginyan about occult fascist Dugin] on YouTube
  13. ^ a b c d John Dunlop (January 2004). "Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics". Demokratizatsiya. 12 (1): 41.
  14. ^ Dawid Madejski (2009). "Mongolian Prince's kiss. Aleksander Dugin's Eurasian Imperium of Russia". Geopolityka. 1 (2): 87–100.
  15. ^ Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014) p.26
  16. ^ Shaun Walker (23 March 2014). "Ukraine and Crimea: what is Putin thinking?". The Guardian.
  17. ^ Доктор Дугин (in Russian). Литературная Россия. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  18. ^ «Континент»№ 21(83)- 22(84),2002 р.
  19. ^ a b Charles Clover (5 October 2011). "Putin's grand vision and echoes of '1984'". Financial Times. In Russian: Чарльз Кловер (6 October 2011). Грандиозные планы Путина и отголоски "1984" (in Russian). inoSMI.
  20. ^ a b Christian von Neef (14 July 2014). "Jeder Westler ist ein Rassist". Der Spiegel (in German) (29). In Russian: Кристиан Нееф (16 July 2014). Дугин: На Западе все расисты (in Russian). InoSMI.
  21. ^ Mankoff, Jeffrey (2009). Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 66–67..
  22. ^ a b Дугин хочет с помощью Путина прояснить свой статус в МГУ (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 30 June 2014.
  23. ^ Иван Зуев (31 October 2012). Александр Дугин: Уроки религии – это великая победа над русофобами (in Russian). Nakanune.ru.
  24. ^ Дугин (28 September 2012). Мы должны забрать у либералов как минимум половину медийного поля! (in Russian). Nakanune.ru.
  25. ^ "Eurasia movement launched in Russia." BBC News. April 21, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1289310.stm (retrieved December 17, 2018)
  26. ^ James D. Heiser. The American Empire Should Be Destroyed: Alexander Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology. Repristination Press. ISBN 1891469436.
  27. ^ Megah Stack (4 September 2008). "Russian nationalist advocates Eurasian alliance against the U.S." Los Angeles Times. California. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  28. ^ RAND (2017). "Russian Views of the International Order". Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  29. ^ OSF. "Eurasia Program". Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  30. ^ a b c d "Alexander Dugin: The Crazy Ideologue of the New Russian Empire". The Daily Beast. 4 February 2014. In Russian: Арсентий Тропаревский. Дугин: Сумасшедший гений новой Российской империи. The Internet Times (in Russian).
  31. ^ a b c Служба безопасности Украины установила лиц, которые надругались над государственной символикой Украины на горе Говерла [The Security Service of Ukraine identified persons who outraged Ukraine's state symbols on the mountain of Hoverla]. Високий Вал: Чернігівська загальнополітична газета (in Russian). 20 October 2007.
  32. ^ Marlène Laruelle (3 September 2008). "Neo-Eurasianist Alexander Dugin on the Russia–Georgia conflict". Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst.
  33. ^ Andreas Umland (14 June 2007). "Vitrenko's flirtation with Russian "Neo-Eurasianism"". Kyiv Post (op-ed). Kiev, UA.
  34. ^ "Road to War in Georgia: The Chronicle of a Caucasian Tragedy". Der Spiegel. 25 August 2008.
  35. ^ Alexander Dugin (8 August 2008). "Interview" (in Russian). Echo of Moscow.
  36. ^ Ірина Біла (10 September 2008). Можливість застосування Ющенком силового сценарію; махінації навколо землі. (Огляд преси) (in Ukrainian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  37. ^ a b c Vincent Jauvert (3 May 2014). "Le Raspoutine de Poutine". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). In Russian: Венсан Жовер (12 May 2014). Дугин — путинский Распутин (in Russian). inoSMI.
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Further reading

External links

Askr Svarte

Askr Svarte (From misspelled Old-Norse Svartr Askr: Black Ashtree, meaning Black (side) of World Tree Yggdrasil), real name Evgeny Nechkasov (Cyrillic: Евгений Нечкасов) is a Russian philosopher, Odinist activist and pagan traditionalism ideologist. Head of the Svarte Aske Community of Pagans. His works has focused on the traditionalists and heideggerian philosophy applied to pagan theology and worldview.

Christian Bouchet

Christian Bouchet (born 17 January 1955 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire) is a French far right journalist and politician.

Coming from a far right family with monarchist and Organisation armée secrète links, in 1970 Bouchet became a member of the monarchist group Restauration nationale, and, in 1971, a member of Nouvelle Action française which was a split (called in France a "Mao-maurrassien" group) of the former.In 1973, he served the Organisation lutte du peuple which is a nationalist revolutionary split of the far-right movement Ordre Nouveau and which is defending the nationalist movements of the Third World, particularly the Arabic states opposite to the Zionism and to the American imperialism. Then he was a member of the Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires of François Duprat and of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire) of Jean-Gilles Malliarakis After a spell in the Troisième Voie he set up Nouvelle Résistance in 1991 whilst also refounding the European Liberation Front. This group was absorbed by Unité Radicale in 1998. He has since gone on to lead the study group Réseau Radical which emphasised anti-Zionism and after that the association Les Nôtres. He has also led the 'radical' tendency within the National Republican Movement and has sat on its national council. Bouchet who was an exponent of the Third Position until 1990, was later influenced by Aleksandr Dugin and advocated National Bolshevism and then Eurasianism.

After declaring to have broken with his former activism, he joined the Front National in 2008 and became a local branch leader from October 2010 to May 2011 and from March 2013 to actually. He was candidate of the Front National for every poll since 2008 and, in 2013, the Front National choose him to lead his list for the municipal elections in Nantes (the 6th town of France). He is the father of Gauthier Bouchet, FN municipal councillor of Saint-Nazaire.

He had published journals like Lutte de Peuple and Résistance which focused on ultra-nationalist and anti-Zionist themes. He owned the publishing house Ars magna and Avatar which published volumes of Savitri Devi, Jean-François Thiriart, Francis Parker Yockey, Gabriele d'Annunzio, Aleksandr Dugin and others.In the original edition of his book Hitler's Priestess Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Bouchet has been associated with Nazi mysticism and that, whilst spending a year in India, he met with Savitri Devi to study Kali Yuga and her ideas about Adolf Hitler as an Avatar. These claims did not however appear in the French language edition of the same work. In the postscript to the book Le national-socialisme et la tradition indienne Bouchet claimed that Goodrick-Clarkes's allegations were fake, stating that he had met Savitri Devi only once and considered her to be a crank, adding that he has no personal interest in Nazi mysticism. Bouchet, who claims he is not an Islamophobe, has advocated a closer link between European nationalist groups and Muslim traditionalists.Christian Bouchet has done a PhD in anthropology in the University Paris Diderot about Aleister Crowley and wrote a lot of books about the extremist engagement in politics and religion.

Dragoš Kalajić

Dragoš Kalajić (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгош Калајић; 22 February 1943 – 22 July 2005) was a Serbian artist, philosopher and writer.Kalajić studied art at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome. He graduated in 1965 with the highest marks in his class. After completing his training he began living and working in Belgrade and Rome. Kalajić was an accomplished writer beside being an artist (he wrote for the magazine Pogledi). He was a member of the Association of Writers of Serbia, the Association of Fine Artists of Serbia and the Association of Writers of Russia. He achieved considerable success in the many fields that he ventured into, from literature to visual arts to the history of art and publishing. He was friends with many greats in the fields of art, literature, film and philosophy such as Julius Evola, Ezra Pound, Aleksandr Dugin, Giorgio de Chirico and Gualtiero Jacopetti among many others. He considered himself a pagan.

Eurasia Party

The Eurasia Party (Russian: Евразия) is a Russian political party. It was registered by the Ministry of Justice on 21 June 2002, approximately one year after the pan-Russian Eurasia Movement was established by Aleksandr Dugin. This means that the party enjoys full rights within the Russian political process.

Often seen to be a form of National Bolshevism, one of the basic ideas that underpin Eurasian theories is that Moscow, Berlin and Paris form a natural geopolitical axis because a line or axis from Moscow to Berlin will pass through the vicinity of Paris if extended. They foresee an eternal world conflict between land and sea, between the United States and Russia, Dugin believes: "In principle, Eurasia and our space, the heartland (Russia), remain the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois, anti-American revolution". According to his 1997 book The Basics of Geopolitics: "The new Eurasian empire will be constructed on the fundamental principle of the common enemy: the rejection of Atlanticism, strategic control of the USA, and the refusal to allow liberal values to dominate us. This common civilisational impulse will be the basis of a political and strategic union".

The Eurasia Party was founded by Dugin on the eve of George W. Bush's visit to Russia at the end of May 2002. The party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve the Chechen problem, with the objective of setting the stage for Dugin's dream of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran.

Eurasian Youth Union

The Eurasian Youth Union (Russian: Евразийский союз молодёжи; ЕСМ) is a Russian traditionalist anti-European political organization, the youth wing of the Eurasia Party headed by Aleksandr Dugin. The organization has branches in several countries. In 2011, the Government of Ukraine has branded the ECM as an extremist anti-Ukrainian organization, convicted of a string of vandalism offenses and banned it in Ukraine.

Eurasianism

Eurasianism (Russian: евразийство, yevraziystvo) is a political movement in Russia, formerly within the primarily Russian émigré community, that posits that Russian civilisation does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. Originally developing in the 1920s, the movement was supportive of the Bolshevik Revolution but not its stated goals of enacting communism, seeing the Soviet Union as a stepping stone on the path to creating a new national identity that would reflect the unique character of Russia's geopolitical position. The movement saw a minor resurgence after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century, and is mirrored by Turanism in Turkic and Uralic nations.

Foundations of Geopolitics

The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia is a geopolitical book by Aleksandr Dugin. The book has had a large influence within the Russian military, police, and foreign policy elites and it has been used as a textbook in the Academy of the General Staff of the Russian military. Its publication in 1997 was well-received in Russia and powerful Russian political figures subsequently took an interest in Dugin, a Russian fascist and nationalist who has developed a close relationship with Russia's Academy of the General Staff.Dugin credits General Nikolai Klokotov of the Academy of the General Staff as co-author and main inspiration, though Klokotov denies this. Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, head of the International Department of the Russian Ministry of Defence, helped draft the book.

Jean-François Thiriart

Jean-François Thiriart (22 March 1922, Brussels – 23 November 1992) was a Belgian politician associated with neo-fascist and neo-Nazi groups. In the 1960s he rejected his Nazi past and promoted pan-European ideas founding Jeune Europe.

Khozh-Ahmed Noukhayev

Khozh-Ahmed Tashtamirovich Noukhayev (Russian: Хож-Ахмет Таштамирович Нухаев) (born November 11, 1954), also spelled Hozh-Ahmed Nukhaev, Khozh-Ahmet Nukhayev, Nuhajev or Noukhaev, was a leader of the Chechen mafia known as Obshina and a prominent figure in Chechen politics. He was born in Central-Asian exile into the Yalkhoi teip (clan) from the Geldagan village in Shalinsky District of the Chechen Republic.

Mikhail Chumachenko

Mikhail Chumachenko is a leader of the Donbass People's Militia and a Ukrainian separatist who was detained by the Security Service of Ukraine on March 22, 2014.

Milenko Nedelkovski Show

Milenko Nedelkovski Show is a television talk show from Macedonia hosted by Milenko Nedelkovski.

National Bolshevik Front

National Bolshevik Front (NBF) has been used as a name for three separate strands of National Bolshevism. The name initially applied to the Russian National Bolshevik Party (NBP) of Eduard Limonov when it was founded in 1993. The group soon changed its name as it emerged as a political party.

Although abandoned by the Russian group as a name, the term is still used to refer to a loose federation of National Bolshevik organisations that spreads across much of Europe and even has branches in Venezuela and Bolivia. Of these, the most important is that in Russia, with the others being largely insignificant (although the Parti Communautaire National-Européen has been associated with the group).

National Bolshevik Party

The National Bolshevik Party (NBP; Russian: Национал-большевистская партия, also known as the Nazbols; Russian: Нацболы) operated from 1993 to 2007 as a Russian political party with a political program of National Bolshevism. The NBP became a prominent member of The Other Russia coalition of opposition parties. Russian courts banned the organization and it never officially registered as a political party. In 2010, its leader Eduard Limonov founded a new political party, called The Other Russia. There have been smaller NBP groups in other countries.

Its official publication, the newspaper Limonka, derived its name from the party leader's surname and from the idiomatic Russian word for a grenade. The main editor of Limonka was for many years, Aleksey Volynets.

National Bolshevism

National Bolshevism (Russian: Национал-большевизм), whose supporters are known as the Nazbols (Russian: Нацболы), is a political movement that combines elements of nationalism (especially Russian nationalism) and Bolshevism.Leading proponents of National Bolshevism in Germany were Ernst Niekisch, Heinrich Laufenberg and Karl Otto Paetel. In Russia the term was used by Nikolay Ustryalov and his followers, the Smenovekhovtsy.

In modern times leading practitioners and theorists of National Bolshevism include Aleksandr Dugin and Eduard Limonov, who leads the unregistered and banned National Bolshevik Party (NBP) in Russia.

New Russia Party

The New Russia Party (Russian: Партия Новороссия, tr. Partiya Novorossiya), or Novorossiya Party, is a political party operating in Novorossiya, a union of self-declared separatist states within the internationally recognized borders of Ukraine. The organization was founded by pro-Russian separatists, under the leadership of Pavel Gubarev, on 14 May 2014. The party is formally known as the Social-Political Movement "New Russia Party" (Russian: Общественно-политическое движение «Партия Новороссия»). It is not registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.

The party was banned from participating in the 2014 Donbass parliamentary elections because they "were not able to hold a founding conference." Members of the party took part in the election on the election lists of "Free Donbass".

Radical Network

Radical Network (French: Réseau radical, 2002-2006) was a French far right study group formed in June 2002, with a number of its early members coming from those who split from Unité Radicale that April, notably Christian Bouchet, Luc Bignot and Giorgio Damiani.Adhering to solidarism, the group avowedly rejected Left-Right politics and claimed to be inspired not only by rightists like Aleksandr Dugin, François Duprat, Julius Evola and Jean-François Thiriart but also by socialists such as Louis Auguste Blanqui. It used the trident as its emblem and also organised a youth movement, Jeune dissidence. In keeping with their status as a study group it numbered around 40 hardcore activists.With their activities co-ordinated by a Conseil solidariste radical, it adopted a position of Anti-Americanism, Anti-capitalism and Anti-Zionism, whilst leaning towards the ideas of Neo-Eurasianism. In keeping with such ideas, it supported Saddam Hussein, Serbia and Montenegro, Carlos the Jackal and Hugo Chávez, amongst others. It was close to the magazine Résistance, a National Bolshevik publication produced by sometime member Bouchet.

The group was dissolved by its creators in early 2006, with some regrouping as Les nôtres.

Russian Spring

Russian Spring may refer to:

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

Khrushchev's Thaw or First Russian spring

Russian Spring, a March 2014 political theory by Aleksandr Dugin

Russian Spring, a 1991 novel by Norman Spinrad

Russian Spring, a painting exposition by Natalia Pankova

Russian Spring, a musical project by Pete Namlook

Russian Spring, a poem by Ivan Bunin

The Fourth Political Theory

The Fourth Political Theory (Russian: Четвертая политическая теория, Chetvertaya Politicheskaya Teoriya) is a book by the Russian political scientist and theorist Aleksandr Dugin, published in 2009. In the book, Dugin states that he is laying the foundations for an entirely new political ideology, the fourth political theory, which integrates and supersedes liberal democracy, Marxism, and fascism. The book has been cited as an inspiration for Russian policy in events such as the War in Donbass, and for the contemporary European far-right in general.

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